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A notice board,
which has novelist Gerry Bevers’s
writing (A criticism about Gerry
Bevers’s writing of April
26th
in 2007)
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(DaeJoseonguk
jeondo and Gangwondodo)
(Joseonguk
sekyeonjeondo)
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Gerry Bevers asserts that
Usando in the above maps presents Jukdo, which is
present Daetseom. His assertion is as
follows.
A
map;
The following is a map of
Korea from the 1890s. The
author of the map is unknown,
but the map is called
“Daejoseonguk Jeondo”
(大朝鮮國全圖)..
B map;
The map
shows an island just off the
east coast of Ulleungdo
labeled as Usan
(于山), which was almost
certainly referring to
Ulleungdo’s present-day
neighboring island of
Jukdo.
C map;
The
following is a map of Gangwon
Province, which was also made
in the 1890s. In fact, judging
from the shapes of Ulleungdo,
Usando, and other features,
the map seems to have been
made by the same person who
made the above map of Korea.
However, the waves are shaped
slightly
differently.
Notice on the map below that
Usan (于山) is shown as a
neighboring island of
Ulleungdo, just off its east
shore.
Both of the above maps show
Usando (于山) as
Ulleungdo’s only neighboring
island. And the text on the
Joseon map saying, “Japan
Archipelago in the East Sea,”
seems to suggest that the
islands east of Ulleungdo are
part of Japan.
Earlier maps of Ulleungdo show
very clearly that Usando was
Ulleungdo’s neighboring
island of Jukdo, and Korean
maps in the 1890s seem to have
been saying the same
thing.
D map;
The
following is an 1874 Japanese
map of Joseon Korea
called, ”Detailed Map
of the Country
of Joseon” (朝鮮國細見全図).
The map shows Usando (于山島)
as a small island to the
south of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島).
At the time, Korean maps were
showing Usando as Ulleungdo’s
neighboring island of Jukdo,
which is 2.2 kilometers off
Ulleungdo’s east
shore, so that means that
this map did not reflect
the Korean preception of
Ulleungdo at the time. In
other words, the Japanese
had an outdated map of
Ulleungdo in
1874.
The following is text that
was written at the
bottom of the map and
explained certain aspects
of it.
One aspect the text explained
was the island of
Ulleungdo (鬱陵島). Here is a
cutout of the section
describing
Ulleungdo.
The above text reads as
follows:
Ulleungdo
(鬱陵島), also known as
Isotakeshima (弓嵩島 -
イソダケ島), is part of
Gangwon Province. It is
located in the sea
1,000
ri
from
Samcheok (三陟). It has a
circumference of 940 to
950
ri
.
Notice that Usando (于山島)
was not mentioned in the
description of Ulleungdo,
which suggests that it was
just a small, neighboring
island. Notice also that the
circumference of Ulleungdo was
described as being much
bigger than it actually
is.
The above map is evidence
that, in 1874, Japan knew
that Usando was a neighboring
island of Ulleungdo, but still
did not know the exact
location.
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First, let’s look about a
background the origin of this writing. The
Japanese people including Gerry Bevers assert
Usando is Jukdo in the northeast of Ulleungdo.
However, in these maps, Usando is located in the
southeast and south of Ulleungdo. They deny these
maps to make Usando to Jukdo. However, this is
merely their wish.
I already explained earlier, in
the article of Hwangseong newspaper (Hwangseong
sinmun) of 1899 and in
the
Joseon
gaehwasa
(1901)
, which was a
Japanese record at the same
time, they enumerated Usando and Jukdo as they are
different islands. Also, in the diary of
inspection by Lee, Kyu-Won, he enumerated Usando
and Jukdo as they are different islands.
Therefore, in the map of the late Joseon Dynasty,
Usando cannot be the same island with
Jukdo.
C
map
; Let’s look (Gangwondodo,
inserting ‘chup’ map, the late in the
19th
century). In this map,
Ulleungdo is right adjoining the Korean
Peninsula.
Gerry Bevers asserts that
Dokdo is Jukdo because the mark of the distance of
Dokdo is not correct in the Shim, Heung-Taek’s
report(1882). I will apply his logic to this map.
Then, Ulleungdo in this map cannot be present
Ulleungdo either. Because the distance is quite
different from the real distance. However, he
doesn’t doubt that Ulleungdo in this map is
present Ulleungdo. The thing that Gerry Bevers
accept Ulleungdo in this map as present Ulleungdo
is because the names are the same and Ulleungdo is
the only big island on the East
Sea.
Like this, Gerry Bevers ignores
the truth that Ulleungdo was pictures so closely
to the Korean Peninsula absurdly than the truth,
he just asserts that Usando in the map is Jukdo by
being left consideration of distance between
Ulleungdo and Usando. If we consider the distance
inland, Ulleungdo in this map is also
unjust.
The real distance from Uljin,
in Gyeongsangbuk-do (in 1963, it was reorganized
from Gangwon-do to Gyeongsangbuk-do) to Ulleungdo is
about 140km. So, if we consider the distance
between Ulleungdo and Usando in comparison with
this, Usando in this map cannot be seen as Jukdo.
It is rather similar to distance from Ulleungdo to
Dokdo.
Actually, Jukdo is just
away 2km from Ulleungdo. So, it is suitable
to see that Jukdo was omitted in this
map.
If we understood the
characteristics of the old map, we would not take
a foolish view that Usando is Jukdo by reason of
mark of distance and location. Also, for his
novel, Gerry Bevers used to ask a correct distance
on the other hand he used to ignore this distance
as occasion demands. Like this, he performed a
double service. Jukdo is about 2km away from
Ulleungdo and Dokdo is about 87km away. If Shim,
Heung-Taek described the distance as more than
40km (100ri), the island must be present Dokdo.
Despite the name is the same with the present
name, Gerry Bevers is still absorbed in speaking
for the side of Japanese extreme rightists.
Anyway, he also translates Gangwondodo doubly, and
he writes his novel by editing the contents
without discrimination.
A
map
; It is
DaeJoseonguk jeondo of Dongyeodo (the late
19th
century).
The words
‘
東洋中日本諸島
” is on Usando in the middle
of the right. Gerry Bevers concludes as if this
sentence explains Usando in this map. However,
this sentence means that there is a Japanese
island on the oceans in the east, on the right of
Ulleungdo and Usando.
It doesn’t seem that Gerry
Bevers has seen the Korean old maps. Always,
Usando is appeared with Ulleungdo together.
However, it is very dubious that only the maker of
this map described Usando as a Japanese island by
what reason.
Let’s pay attention to the
word ‘jedo (諸島; a group of islands)’.
‘諸(je)’ means ‘many, every’. If this words
meant Usando was Japanese territory as Gerry
Bevers opinion, it would be a record, which
recorded even Ulleungdo was Japanese territory by
the word ‘諸(je)’. Even in Japanese map, it was
recorded that Ulleungdo is Joseon territory. And,
this map was produced after ‘Jukdo 1 gun’, which
was confirmed that Ulleungdo is Joseon territory
by both governments. Of course, they both
recognized that Ulleungdo is Joseon
territory.
However, how could he speak
that this sentence means Usando. It is an
unreasonable speaking. Maybe, he accepts dada,
which was transferred by Japanese extreme
rightists uncritically.
Of course, the words
‘
東洋中日本諸島
” means that many Japanese
islands are exist in the east of Ulleungdo and
Usando. Like this, Gerry Bevers’s distorted
translation seems an effort that he wants to
satisfy the Japanese because Japan boosts
him.
The word, pre-modern society
means a society before modernizing. So, it was the
period, when feudal factors were remained. It was
before introducing Western scientific geographical
tools and recognition, so to investigate
geographical recognition, surely periodic
circumstances need to be considered. However,
Gerry Bevers completely ignores the basic attitude
as an investigator.
D map; It is
Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo
(朝鮮國細見全圖,
染崎延房,
1873).
Somejaki
Nobuhusa
(染崎延房, 1818~1886), who made
Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo, was from Tsushima. And, he
went to Edo (the old name of Tokyo) and he played
an active part in writing. Let’s see the words at
the bottom of this map. There is an explanation
about Ulleungdo, and in the end it said that is we
want to know closely then we can read two
appendixes, “Joseon sajeong(朝鮮事情)”. The
writings below explain Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo by
quoting the writings in
“Joseon sajeong”.
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As we see Somejaki’s explanation
about Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo, he “copied a
national map by asking a higher officer,
and he stored it in secrecy.” But, due to
the demand from a bookstore, he ended up
printing this and publishing this.
According to Sakurai Yoshiyuki’s
bibliographical explanation, which was
compared to Joseon map, a copy of national
map of Joseon, which was donated by
Toyotomi
Hideyoshi
(
豊臣秀吉
) at the head house
(
宗家)
in a lord, Tsusima at
the time of Japanese Invasion of Korea,
had been handed down. And, the map was
reduced and copied again, and it was owned
by Somejaki. It is possible that it was
pictured and published by
IshizukaYasushihitoshi at the time of
Seikanron was agitated. (It was quoted by
explanation about Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo
at
dokdocenter
)
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That
means, Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo was drawn by
referring former map and after Joseon map, which
was transferred in Tsushima. Of course, Usando was
marked in the south, so it was proved that it is
Dokdo, not present Jukdo (Daetseom). Maybe, with
seeing a map, which was drawn Usando below
Ulleungdo, the two islands were guessed as
竹島
(Takeshima) and
松島
(Matsushima).
Gerry
Bevers denies Usando in the map by reason of the
writing at the bottom of the map just explains
Ulleungdo. It is absurd. If his writing is true,
it means that every name of island in Joseon has
to be written in the text, and then they can be
Joseon territory. Clearly, Usando appears in
Joseon map, I cannot understand why he says
foolishly.
The
explanation about Ulleungdo is as
follows.
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鬱陵島ハ一名弓嵩（イソダケ）島ト云江原道ノ屬島ニシテ三涉ノ地ヨリ水路一千里島ノ周廻凡百四五十里ト云
“弓嵩島(Isotakeshima)” is another
name of Ulleungdo. It is included in
Gangwondo and it is 1000 ri by
waterway. The circumference of this
island is about 140~150 ri.
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In
the right of the explanation about Ulleungdo,
three islands; Jejudo(濟協), Namhaedo(南海島),
Geojedo(巨濟島) were explained. However, the
islands around the three islands were not
mentioned in here. As his logic, the islands
around the three islands are not Joseon
territory.
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濟協(全羅道)南海(慶尙道)巨濟(同)是ヲ三島ト云フ。濟協ハ地方ヨリ水路九百里アリ。島ノ長サ三百里橫十里ナリ。南海ハ地方ヨリ水路二十里長サ二百里橫八十里ナリ。巨濟ハ地方ヨリ水路五里長サ九十里橫四十里ナリト云フ。
We call Jehyeop (Jeolla) Namhae
(Gyeongsangdo) Geoje (同; the same) as
‘sam do (three islands)’. Jejudo is
900 ri away from a locality
by waterway. The circumference of the
island is 300 ri and the
width is 10 ri . Namhaedo is
20 ri away from a locality
by waterway, the circumference is 200
ri and the width is 80 ri. Geojedo is 5 ri
away from a locality by waterway, the
circumference is 90ri and
the width is 40ri.
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Without
any evidences, he denies this map. So, his
speaking is illogical. And, we can see another
wrong speaking in here again. On the excuse that
the expression of the circumference of Ulleungdo
is 940~950 ri (九百四五十里), he says that the
Japanese didn’t have exact knowledge about
Ulleungdo at the time in 1873. He says they just
knew the existence of these two islands.
Therefore, he asserts that this map is an old one
and it is not telling the geographical recognition
of Ulleungdo and Usando.
As
we see Gerry Bevers’s translation about
Ulleungdo, the circumference is “940~950 ri”.
However, the word ‘gu(九) is actually
, transferred letter of ‘bum(凡). 九 and 凡 are
hard to distinguish, if we don’t see detailed
picture. So, "九百四五十里(940~950 ri)" is
“凡百四五十里 (about 140~150 ri)”. If we change
this into present distance, it is about 56~60 km
(real circumference of Ulleungdo; 56.5km). So, it
means the very exact circumference of Ulleungdo.
Unlike the above explanation about Jejudo, Geojedo
and Namhaedo is quite different from the real circumference, the
explanation of Ulleungdo is very
exact.
It
means Somejaki Nobuhusa’s geographical recognition
about Ulleungdo was very clear in a different way
of Gerry Bevers imagined. Of course,
Somejaki Nobuhusa’s geographical recognition about
Usando also seemed clear.
Besides,
a copy of ‘Joseon jeongukdo (Joseon national
map)’, which was donated to Toyotomi Hideyoshi at
the head house
(宗家)
in a lord, Tsusima by the time
Japanese Invasion of Korea, had been transferring
at the head house. Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo is a
reduced and copied map of this. At this time, a
well-know map ‘Joseonguk jirido (recopied in 1592
and 1872) was made. Usando was drawn on the left
of Ulleungdo in this map, and it was marked as it
is Joseon territory.
Somejaki
Nobuhusa
changed the direction of Usando in this map, and
he drew Usando below Ulleungdo. It means that he
grasped the direction of Usando more exactly. And,
kindly, he wrote “in Japan, we call this island
Jukdo” at pointing Ulleungdo. That means, Gerry
Bevers’s assertion, “Usando=Jukdo” is falling
down in ‘Joseonguksekyunjeondo’.
Like
this, as Gerry Bevers distorts the truth with only
his imagination by force, he ended up to write a
senseless novel, which is contrary to data of both
countries (Korea, Japan).
940~950
ri is about 376km~380 km. When we see the map, we
can know easily that it is his misunderstanding
and miswriting. How is it possible that the
circumference of Ulleungdo is 400km? The distance
from Seoul to Busan is 456 km. Maybe in Gerry
Bevers eyes, the circumference of Ulleungdo in
Joseonguksekyunjeondo looks like
400 km.
Next,
Gerry Bevers says that this map is not related to
general geographical recognition of Joseon, when
he compares to map of those days. However,
‘Joseonguk sekyunjeondo’ is drawn similarly to
the Korean map, which was introduced in the fourth
edition of the second book of National Geographic
in August, 1890. On the point of all the two maps
were made based on Joseon map, it is enough to see
that it was general recognition of
Joseon.
Joseon map, which was marked
Usando below Ulleungdo like
Joseonguk sekyeonjeondo
The
maps, which were drawn Usando below Ulleungdo like
Joseonguk sekyunjeondo, are incalculable. It is
reasonable to see as general recognition of
Joseon. Among the below maps, ‘Yeojido’ was made
based on Jeong, Sang-Gi’s Donggukjido(map), so it
has similar characteristics to
Joseonguk sekyunjeondo in many ways. Especially, by
distinguishing Ulleungdo and Usando clearly, it
proves that Usando is Dokdo, not present Jukdo.
The below maps of Joseon were mostly made as block
books, they were introduced widely in Joseon.
Mostly, Usando was omitted on complete maps of
Joseon, however on the private map, which is a
detailed map, Usando is marked as it is Joseon
territory.
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Joseonguk
segyeonjeondo
(part, 1873, Japan)
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Gangwon-do map of
Yeojido (輿地圖,
the first half of the 19th
century, kyujanggak)
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Gangwon-do map of
Dongguk yeojido
(東國輿地圖, the first half
of the 19th century,
kyujanggak)
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Gangwon-do map of Dongguk
jido
(東國地圖, the mid -18th century,
Sungshin Women's University
Museum)
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Gangwon-do map of
Joseonjido
(朝鮮地圖, the mid-18th century,
kyujanggak)
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Gangwon-do map of Joseon
paldodo
(朝鮮八道圖, unknown
year)
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Gangwon-do map of Jido (地圖,
the mid
-18th century,
kyujanggak)
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Gangwon-do map Cheonha
chongdo
(天下總圖, the latter half
period of the Joseon dynasty,
Incheon Metropolitan City Museum
)
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Like this, the Japanese map, which draws Usando
below Ulleungdo, is
Joseon
paldodo
(朝鮮八道圖, 1876). Kashiwara
Yoshinaga(樫原義長), who drew this map, drew
‘Jangjung ilbonjeondo (掌中日本全圖, a complete map of
Japan, 1876)’ in the same year. He replaced Usando as
Songdo, so it shows that he recognized Usando was
Dokdo (Japanese name; 松島, Matsushima) exactly.
The below map is
Chungjoiltongjido
(淸朝一統之圖
, 1835, anonymous) Japanese
map.
In this map, Ulleungdo and Jasando(子山シマ,
Usando) are drawn by Gangwondo and separately,
Takeshima(竹シマ, Ulleungdo) and
Matsushima(松シマ, Dokdo) are drawn by the east
sea. The painter didn’t seem to know that
Ulleungdo is Jukdo(竹シマ) and Usando is
Songdo(松シマ). Also, the locations of
Takeshima(竹シマ, Ulleungdo) and
Matsushima(松シマ, Dokdo) are quite different form
the truth, and he drew them near
Japanese territory. However, it was clarified that
they are Joseon territory, because he painted them
with the same color of Joseon. This shows exactly
the recognition of in which country Jukdo and
Songdo were belonged in Japan at that
time.
Gerry
Bevers stated his wish that somebody offers a map
of Ulleungdo in a historical view, at the
beginning of his writings. Of course, the thing
that he wanted Japanese map of Ulleungdo, because
he wanted to prove that Ulleungdo and Dokdo were
controlled by Japan. Because at this time, people
recognized Ulleungdo and Dokdo clearly in Japan.
The
map of Ulleungdo in a historical view, which he
mentioned, is Jukdojido(竹島之圖), which is on
Jukdodosul.
In
Japan, they possess many maps of Ulleungdo more
than our imagination. And the maps have high
accuracy. These maps were made by two families,
Oya and Murakawa, for 70 years, from 1625 to 1696
by going over to Ulleungdo. At this time, they
managed the fishing industry, so they made this
map for their demands. In this map, they recorded
every name of port, rocky island, and even they
recorded the height of a cliff. However, we cannot
find the information about inland Ulleungdo. This
shows directly that Japanese made this map by
their demands for fishing.
Jukdo
map
(竹島之圖, Ulleungdo
map)
Following
is Jukdojido (Jukdo map) of Jukdodosul (竹島圖說,
1751~1763, A national assembly library possesses)
and Jukdojabji (竹島雜誌, 1871, 10, The national
central library possesses).
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A
|
B
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Jukdo map(竹島之圖) in Jukdodosul
(竹島圖說)
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|
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Jukdo map(竹島之圖) in Jukdojabji
(竹島雜誌)
|
Jukdo
map(
竹島之圖, Ulleungdo
map
) in
Jukdodosul(
竹島圖說)
A. The following
writings are at the top on the left of the left
part in Jukdodosul.
自隱岐國七十里而有此島。俗號竹島是也。島之廻リ大槪＊十六里有大河。
This
island is 70 ri (1ri = about 4km) from Oki island.
Normally, it is called Jukdo(Japanese name ;
Takeshima). The circumference of this island is
about 16 ri and there is a big
stream. |
The
distance from Oki is 70 ri, it is about 280km. It
is not that different from the real distance,
about 254km. And the circumference of the island
is 16 ri, it is about 64 km. So, it also is not
that different from the real shoreline of
Ulleungdo, 56,5km.
B.
Kwaneumdo
; The island in the blue line
is Kwaneumdo. It was written the distance between
Kwaneumdo and the island;
此間瀨戶三十間斗。廻り十四五丁。[The noiho(瀨戶)
is 30 gandu(間斗) and and the circumference of the
island is 14.5 jung(丁).] 瀨戶(Noiho) means a
distance of shallows between island and land, so
30 gandu (I gandu=1.8181m) is about 54.543m (The
real distance between the land and Kwanumdo is
about 100m). The circumference of the island is
14.5 jung (1jung= 109m), about 1.526~1.635km (The
real circumference is about 800m).
C
.
Jukdo
; The island in the red circle is present Dadsum,
Jukdo. And it is written [It is 15 jung away from
the present island(Ulleungdo) and the
circumference is 18 jung]. The distance from
Ulleungdo is 15jung (about 1.635km) and it is
similar to the real distance, about 1.8km~2km. The
circumference is written 18jung, about 1.962km
(the real circumference of Jukdo is about 4km).
Jukdo
map(
竹島之圖
)
in Jukdojabji
(
竹島雜誌
)
A.
Kwanumdo
: Kwanumdo is in the blue
square, it is written that (The distance of
shallows between island and land is 30 gan, and
the circumference is 15 jung). It is similar to
the above Jukdojido of Jukdodosul.
B.
Jukdo
; It is in the red square, and it is written that
(It is about 15 jung from Bondo and the
circumference of 18jung). It is same with the
above Jukdojido of Jukdodosul.
We
investigated the inscription of only two islands,
which are assumed Kwanumdo and Jukdo in the map.
These maps of Ulleungdo in Japan were made by
families, Oya and Murakawa by obtaining the
license to cross the sea in Jukdo. So, Japan
asserts that they controlled these two islands at
that time based on these two maps. However, we
need to pay attention to that at that time in
Dottori Hang, where the two families belonged to,
people didn’t think that Jukdo and Songdo as
their territory. In 1696, as An, Young-Bok went to
Japan, and Edo Bakuhu asked to Dottori Hang about
these two islands. In the two replies from Dottori
Hang, they recorded the recognition about these
two islands exactly.
(
Replay
A
and
Reply
B
from Dottori Hang)
Also,
Edo Bakuhu confirmed that Ulleungdo is Joseon
territory by Jukdo 1 gun. In this situation, the
assertion, that Japan controlled Ulleungdo and
Dokdo in the Edo period, is just an empty echo.
‘Effective Control’ means “the ctual continuous
and peaceful display of State functions”.
However, when the two families crossed the sea,
not only Dottori Hang, but also Edo Bakuhu knew
that the two islands were Joseon territory. The
most accurate evidence is Japanese
record,
Onshu
Shicho
Goki (隱州視聽合記
,
1667), it shows that when the two families crossed
the sea, Edo Bakuhu represented Ulleungdo and
Dokdo as Joseon territory. Therefore, the above
map can be a product of invasion. Also, the thing
that Japanese government approved this on the
‘Jukdo 1 gun’ supports this. To control
effectively a certain territory, the national
conference about possession is essential. The
action that the private used the island, which the
nation recognized as Joseon territory, cannot form
the requisites of effective control.
We
can understand the Songdohoido (The city
historical institution of Yonago possesses), which
was listed in Saninchuo-Sinbo in the same context.
It is true that the Japanese recognized Ulleungdo
and Dokdo clearly in the Edo period. However, the
geographical recognition about these two islands
was limited to a relation area with two families,
who managed fishing industry at Ulleungdo. And,
after a prohibition order of crossing the ocean
near Jukdo, they couldn’t go to Ulleungdo and
Dokdo for about 150 years. So, the geographical
recognition became faint in the mid 19th century.
By this, even though they had exact geographical
recognition, they accepted Western geographical
recognition as it was. So, once, the original
names of Ulleungdo and Dokdo were changed.
Therefore, this Japanese Jukdojido only proves
that Jukdo 1 gun included Dokdo.
(
related
newspaper
article
)
A
map of Jukdo and Songdo of Jukdogodosul (1724)
A map of Ulleungdo and Dokdo, which was presented
to Edo Bakuhu in Dottori Hang in
1724
Conclusion
Gerry
Bevers is just a novelist, who already lost the
view to see Dokdo objectively. Before 1905, Japan
recognized that Dokdo is Korean territory clearly
several times. Even after they included Dokdo in
Shimane prefecture, some Japanese people recorded
Dokdo as a Korean territory by following
tradition.
Joseonsuroji
(1907),
Joseonyeonansuroji
(1933),
Joseonsanoepji
and
other
charts
and textbook of region and
territory
, which were compiled by the
survey department of Japanese land in Japan’s
colony, show that Japan recognized Dokdo as Korean
territory clearly. And, many scholars proved that
Seokdo in Imperial Ordinance No. 41 of the
Great Han Empire in 1900 is Dokdo.
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