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Criticism on Dokdo novel of Gerry-Bevers |
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An article of Maeil
Sinbo (每日申報)
on June 22nd, 1913) Let’s investigate some available data, which was put by Gerry Bevers. The following data is an article of the daily newspaper (Maeil Sinbo, 每日申報) on June 22nd, 1913, which Korea existed in Japan’s colony.
The Gerry Bervers’s opinion about this article is as follows.
1. The word ‘數年 (several years)’ means ‘two, three years or five, six years’ (explanation from Naver Korean language dictionary). So, the word ‘before several decades’ means ‘12, 13 years ago, or 15, 16 years ago’. If the year 1913 is basis, it may be around the year 1900. To put ‘數 (several)’ before ‘decade’ expresses the time at least more than 10 years. So, His opinion that the year 1900 is before several decades from 1913 seems to have a problem. If it said exactly ‘ten years ago’, there is no need to put the word ‘數(several)’. Gerry Bevers asserts that Usando and Jukdo in the article of Hwangsung Shinmun (Capital Gazette) of September 23rd in 1899 are different names of the same island. He asserts that they are just different names of the same island, so it is obvious that we cannot find Usando separately.
‘崔 (choi)’ means ‘high’ and ‘high and big’, and ‘著 (jeo)’ means ‘reveal’ and ‘remarkable’. So, ‘(崔著者, choijeoja)’ means a big, high and prominent island. Therefore, the article means “‘Usando’ and ‘Jukdo’ are big and prominent islands among many islands around Ulleungdo”. Usando and Jukdo were clearly written as different islands. Gerry Bevers translated ‘崔著者’ into ‘the most prominent’, I cannot say that is wrong but it is not also exact translation. If ‘崔著者’ is translated in to ‘the most prominent’, one island should come together behind. This translation tasted just right to Gerry Bevers. I also have translated ‘the biggest’ or ‘the most prominent’ after I see the translation of the thesis by Professor Song, Byung-Gi of Dankook University. However, ‘崔著者 (choijeoja)’ exactly means ‘big (high) and prominent island’. There is no case to put two different names in one region without any explanation in any Korean records. Normally, if A and B are the different names of the same region, then we will say ‘一作 A一作 B (a name A, a name B)’, ‘一云 A一云 B (one called A, one called B)’ or ‘或 A, 或 B (some A, some B)’. In the case of enumerating A and B as they are, we can find out that they are the different names of the same region by some paragraphs. Gerry Bevers is making Usando and Jukdo as the same island by choosing a translation, without any examples. If he wants to show the basis of the translation, he must present at least one example, to explain. We can refute his opinion that Usando is Jukdo by an article of daily newspaper of June 22nd in 1913. As his opinion, if Usando and Jukdo were different names of one island, we would not need to explore Usando, which can be seen at a glance from Ulleungdo. Usando and Jukdo surely are different islands. Jukdo was recorded as a name of 댓섬 (Daetseom) since Lee, Kyu-Won inspected Ulleungdo in 1882. And, it appeared in Imperial Ordinance No. 41 of the Great Han Empire in 1900 and it reaches up to now. We cannot find the sentence ‘Jukdo is called as Usado in another name’ For several hundreds of years, Usando have mentioned as representative island around Ulleungdo. If Usando was another name of Jukdo, It cannot be recorded about this. 2. The most novelistic part of his writings is the part he assumes that 4, 50 ri in the northeast of Ulleungdo in the article of the daily newpaper (Maeil Sinbo) in 1913 as 4, 5 ri. Jukdo is about 2km away from Ulleungdo, so he wanted to make Usando as another name of Jukdo by editing 4, 50 ri into 2 km. Despite the sentence of 4, 50 ri is clearly on the article, he is giving full play to his imagination. He looks exactly like a novelist. 3. Then, let’s investigate the background of introducing the article about ‘Banning an exploration of an uninhabited island’ in daily newspaper in 1913. The use of the name Dokdo from the period Joseon to the Great Han Empire, we can divide into three by the time.
The original name of Dokdo was Usando. After the nation started to develop Ulleungdo in the late of Joseon Dynasty, the local people in Ulleungdo called Dolseom (Dokseom) as Dokdo because strangers inland flowed into Ulleungdo. However, the public officials still called Dokdo as Usando, because they had many opportunities to see various books , even though they were ignorant of geographical information of Ulleungdo. That Usando is Dokdo can be confirmed by maps and books, which show Usando in the southeast of Ulleungdo in the late Joseon dynasty. Above article in the daily newspaper is an article that local people in Ulleungdo misunderstood that Usando was existed separately from Dokdo (Dokseom) without knowing the truth, so they planned to find Usando, but the plan failed. There was a search of Usando decades of years ago, so I assume that there was a search of Ulleungdo about around the year 1900. In 1882, when Lee, Kyu-Won inspected Ulleungdo, there were about 180 Joseon residents in Ulleungdo. Until that time, they also called Dokdo as Usando. According to research by Woo, Sung-Yong’s party from May 31st to June 5th in 1900, the residents in Ulleungdo were about 400 families and 1,700 people.(禹用鼎 '鬱島記' ; 而自壬癸開拓以後 至今居民爲四百餘家 男女共爲一千七百口 壬午 ; Woo, Sung-Yong’s Uldogi ; From after developing in the Year of the Gyemi to now, there are only 400 families, with 1,700 people.) So, in Ulleungdo, which was once uninhabited island, many people from other regions settled down in the with developing Ulleungdo within a short time. And, they started to call Dokdo, which has many rocks, as ‘Dolseom (Dokseom)’ like a way inland. Naturally, the name ‘Usando’ became a name of Dokdo, which only the public officials and scholars knew. As Gerry Bevers’s writings, before and after 1900, the residents in Ulleungdo did not use the name, Usando, but they called it ‘Dokseom (Dolseom)’. The above article in the daily newspaper in 1913 recorded the cancelled plan, which the residents in Ulleungdo would explore and move to Usando. We can confirm again that Usando is not Jukdo in Korean history like Gerry Bevers asserts by his article. Jukdo can be seen at a glace from Ulleungdo. Then, which island was ‘Usando’ in old Korean map and document, which couldn’t identify the location exactly? In old Korean map, Ulleungdo and Usando were shown together for hundreds of years. It cannot happen that a non-existent island was shown for a long time like this. It is just Dokdo. Jukdo was called as ‘Daedseom’, which is a purely Korean name. At the same time, it means that Jukdo was an island, which has many bamboos, about 2km off in the northeast of Ulleungdo. There is no record that Jukdo is Usando. Sometimes, people misunderstood Usand, which is Dokdo, as Jukdo, but also in this case, there is no record that Jukdo and Usando are the different names of the same island. The name, ‘Usando’ appeared after announcing Imperial Ordinance No. 41 of the Great Han Empire, which fixed the name ‘Dokseom’ and ‘Dokdo’, in 1907. And, it also appeared on the record that ‘Usando is in the southeast of Ulleungdo’. In 1908, in Jeungbo munheon bigo (增補文獻備考, 1903~1908, Augmented Reference Compilation of Documents on Korea), which retouched Dongguk munheon bigo (東國文獻備考), it made the two islands, Ulleungdo and Usando belong to Uldo County (鬱島郡) clear. Usando is Dokdo, which is in the southeast of Ulleungdo. If Usando is not Jukdo, then it is Dokdo obviously. 4. In ‘daily newspaper’ it said that Usando existed in the northeast of Ulleungdo. Also, when An, Yong-Bok was caught and taken to Japan, he testified that he saw Usando from the northeast of Ulleungdo (see here, Korean). But, a while ago, it was ascertained that Usando was Songdo, which was called by the Japanese, by documents (a report about research of An, Yong-Bok’s party (here). I cannot know the reason why they misunderstood that Dokdo was located in the northeast of Ulleungdo, but it is sure that Dokdo was recognized in Joseon and the island was called Usando. By the record of the Joseon Dynasty that Japanese people call Usando as "Matsshima (松島, Dokdo)", this point can be proved .(here) As we investigated, the article of ‘Jukdo is Usando’ is an evidence to overthrow Gerry Bevers’s opinion. He avoided the core of the article and he distorts the truth to edit his novel plausibly. He wants to assert that Usando in the Korean history is Jukdo, but Usando is 4, 50 ri (about 16~20km) away from Ulleungdo in the article of daily newspaper. Definitely, Usando was not Jukdo. He changed Usando into Jukdo by editing 4, 50 ri into 4, 5 ri quickly. Of course, he assumed it is 4, 5ri, but by the article that people would search ‘Usando’, we would know that Usando is not Jukdo in this article. He always shows incomprehensible action that he eliminates common sense. Next let’s investigate Daehan shinjiji (A New Treatise on Korean Geography), of 1907 and its sub map (大韓新地志附地圖), Gyeonsangbuk-do map, which were mentioned above.
In these maps, Jukdo ('竹' in the map) is drawn in the exact location of the northeast of Ulleungdo (鬱島). Then, Usando, which is located in the southeast of Ulleungdo in Daehan sinjiji, is not Jukdo. There is no island in the southeast of Ulleungdo. Nevertheless, in the text of Daehan sinjiji, it said that Usando is located in the southeast of Ulleungdo without mentioning Jukdo, which is the biggest island around Ulleungdo. It was Dokdo, which was recorded as a representative island of Ulleungdo. This is also directly-opposed to the contents of Gerry Bevers’s opinion. Let’s look at the novel, in which he wrote about Daehan shinjiji. Related
Gerry
Bevers's writing
He takes longitude and latitude, which is marked in Ulleungdo in this map seriously; he asserts that in Daehan shinjiji, it belonged to Jukdo as an attached island to Ulleungdo. However, we cannot make an issue with a mark of longitude and latitude of those days. I already mentioned that the mark of longitude and latitude in Daehanjeondo is a formal mark. That means the Great Han Empire, which didn’t have geographical recognition about longitude and latitude, quoted Japanese geography book and the Japanese people also used the Western mark of longitude and latitude.(Refer here) However, in Daehan shinjiji (大韓新地志), it described that Usando, which was located in the southeast of Ulleungdo (Dokdo), as a territory of the Great Han Empire as it is an attached island to Uldo (Ulleungdo). Like this, in the mark of longitude and latitude, Dokdo was marked as it was outside the scope, but it was included in the contents of the text book. It was also found in the Japanese records that they eliminated Dokdo from the mark of longitude and latitude but they recorded Dokdo as it belonged to Gangwondo in Korea. Gerry Bevers just expands the issue of the formal mark of longitude and latitude, and he keeps his mouth shut about the island, Usando, which was mentioned in the contents of Daehanshinjiji. Gerry Bevers asserts that Usando is Jukdo. However, in the map, Daehanshinjiji, Jukdo is located in the northeast of Ulleungdo, but in the text book, it said that Usando is located in the southeast of Ulleungdo. Definitely, Usando in the text book, Daehanshinjiji and Jukdo in the sub map in Daehan sinjiji are different islands. His opinion, “Usando is Jukdo’ is wrong only by this record. One more thing that we have to pay attention here is in the contents where it counted Usando as the representative attached island to Ulleundo, not Jukdo. It is obvious evidence that in Korean history, Usando, which was mentioned as a representative island in the east sea with Ulleungdo, is Dokdo. In Daehan sinjijibujido (大韓新地志附地圖), it recorded changing longitude and latitude as Gerry Bevers’s indication. It vividly shows that the Great Han Empire was uneducated information of longitude and latitude. In the contents of Daehan sinjiji, it shows that Usando (Dokdo) belongs to Uldo, Gyeongsangbukdo very clearly. So, he cannot make an ignominious speech that the Great Han Empire could not recognize Dokdo. I hope that Gerry Bevers keeps writing his novel after he examines ‘Usando’, which was mentioned that it is in the southeast of Ulleungdo closely. Gerry Bevers asserts that ‘Seokdo (石島)’ in Imperial Ordinance No. 41 is a term, ‘which designates all rocks around Ulleungdo’. Maybe he thought in his opinion, that the former Seokdo is present Kwanumdo, there is serious logical contradiction, or he saw the Japanese scholar’s writings that Seokdo presents rocks around Ulleungdo, after he changed his novel. To accept my demand, I asked him to find some examples for calling many rocks together, he found a map of Pyungan-do (Pyungan province) in Dongyeokdo (東域圖)' (assume that it was made after 1776, Kyujanggak institute which Seoul National University possesses)
Related Gerry Bevers's writing Seokdo (石島) in this map seems to call six rocks altogether. The thing that we need to pay attention here is the truth that the island, which is called Seokdo, is a shape of gathering together of six rocks. It is clearly different from the rocks, which are scattered around Ulleungdo. Normally, if some rocks gather together, we can give a name, Seokdo by putting together. However, around Ulleungdo, there are so many rocks in all directions. So, it is not possible to call Seokdo by gathering together these scattered rocks. Seokdo in Korean history was used as a name of one island (including a case of calling scattered rocks altogether or attached reefs around). He would apply the case, which we never use, only to Imperial Ordinance No. 41※. Without any foundation, he makes connection with example of Gangwondodo, which is assumed that it was made in 1898 anonymously, and Seokdo in Dongyeokdo. ※ Imperial Ordinance No. 41, Article 2; The county office shall be located at Taehadong; the county shall have under its jurisdiction the whole island of Ulleungdo, Jukdo and Seokdo.
In Gangwondo-do of "Joseon map (Joseon Jido, 朝鮮地圖, 1898)" it recorded five islands below Ulleungdo. So, he asserts that these five islands were called Seokdo altogether in Imperial Ordinance No. 41 like Dongyeokdo Pyungan-do map. Of course, these five islands do not exist in the Joseon map. These five islands were drawn based on Ulleungdo dohyeong, Kwangyeodo and Haedong jido, which was a mistake. However, the Great Han Empire government knew that these five islands did not exist below Ulleungdo. In ‘Ulleungdo Oedo ’(1882), which was given to the Emperor Gojong by Lee, Kyu-Won’s party, these five islands did not exist. And, Jukdo was drawn in the right place with exact name, Jukdo, not Usando. With this, the Great Han Empire government dispatched Woo, Jeong-Yong and Laporte (E. Raporte, 羅保得), who was French man in the maritime customs in Busan as an accountant, and made them to inspect Ulleungdo again (May, 1900). So, the Great Han Empire, who inspected Ulleungdo directly could not give a name Seokdo by gathering these nonexistent five islands. Gerry Bevers distorts as if the map maker of Joseon map announced Imperial Ordinance No. 41. The map makers of Joseon map and Daehanjendo did not have correct understanding about Ulleungdo and the islands around Ulleungdo, so they just referred to the former incorrect data. Therefore, the thing that he would make a connection with five islands below Ulleungdo is just an incomprehensible action that he wants accept his opinion by force. (2007. 11.14)
The Joseon government managed Ulleungdo as a remote region of Joseon by sending officials to Ulleungdo every three years. The map, which was drawn by the Ulleungdo inspectors, as recorded Usando to Jukdo by mistake. However, the clear characteristic of this map is the five nonexistent islands drawn below Ulleungdo In Daehanjeondo and Daehanyeojido also had five islands below Ulleungdo. It is reasonable to see these actions occurred by misunderstanding Jukdo. Of course, Usando was Dokdo in Korean history, so the assertion that Dokdo is Korean territory in Daehanjeondo and Daehanyeojido is not unreasonable. I just want to explain the reason why Usando in Daehanjeondo and Daehanyeojido is placed in Jukdo. They were just based on the maps, which misunderstood Jukdo as Usando like ‘Ulleungdo dohyeong’
It is true that the officials arrived in Ulleungdo, but they just gave these maps to the court without surveying everywhere in Ulleungdo. Maybe they could not find Dokdo, and they just misunderstood Jukdo, which is located closely, as Usando as they recognized by advance knowledge. If there were not residents by Gongdo policy (evacuation order) of Ulleungdo, then we cannot blame them on this misunderstanding. The problem is in Kwangyeodo, Yeojido, Daehanjeondo, etc., also Usando is located on Jukdo based on a wrong map such as ‘Ulleungdo dohyeong’. In other words, because of the neglect of duties of the inspectors dispatched to Ulreungdo, the wrong recognition around the island was spread in some parts of Joseon. Merely 10 years ago before Park, Seo-Chang’s ‘Ulleungdo dohyeong' was published, An, Yong-bok informed to the court that Usando is what Japanese call Matsushima (Dokdo). If they examined these former records at least once, they would not make an error like this. Also, If the inspectors confirmed topography and natural features on the earth by making a round of Ulleungdo directly, then this mistake would not happen. However, we cannot conclude that this error was an opinion by Joseon and whole Korea, especially the central government. Including Uleungdo dohyung from the period Joseon to the Great Han Empire, there’s a clear a map, in which was drawn Usando to Jukdo by mistake. However, such mistakes should not be edited to be representative geographical awareness of those days. When we look into these maps, which clearly misunderstood Jukdo as Usando such as Ulleungdo dohyung, Kwangyeodo, Yeojido, Daehanjeondo, etc., Usando is very close to Ulleungdo and the location and size are exactly the same with the present Jukdo. If they misunderstood Juko, which is right in front of Ulleungdo, as Usando, there would be no reason to confuse its location, size and distance from Ulleungdo.
Let’s look into the maps of Joseon, which marked Usando without the nonexistent five(or four) islands below Ulleungdo. (Dokdo as seen in ancient maps produced in Korea) The size of Usando is quite different from the above Ulleungdo dohyeong. The location was also marked in all distances in Ulleungdo. The map, such as ‘Ulleungdodohyeong’ etc., Jukdo was marked because they misunderstood that the island was Usand in the old maps, after they saw Jukdo directly, which was in front of Ulleungdo. However, the rest of the maps of Joseon could not decide the location of Usando and they drew Usando very largely. So, it is distinguished exactly from the above maps, which misunderstood that Usando is the present Jukdo. Among the maps of Joseon, the maps, in which Usando is located below Ulleungdo, are the most, and in turns, in the east, west, southeast and north. If Usando was Jukdo, which can be seen at a glance, people would not confuse the location. It was Dokdo, which always cannot be seen from Ulleungdo, so people got confused with the location.
Let’s look into the three maps, which marked Jukdo. Jukdo is drawn in the northeast of Ulleungdo, very closely to Ulleungdo in a small size. It is clearly distinguished from Usando in the old Korean maps, by its size and its proximity to Ulleungdo. There is no confusion about location and actually Jukdo is about 2 km away in the shortest distance from Ulleungdo so it is drawn right next to Ulleungdo. So, there is no reason that Jukdo is marked separately from Ulleungdo in Korean map. If Ulleungdo is marked, then Jukdo is just regarded as an attached island to Ulleungdo. Therefore, Usando is Dokdo, which is about 87 km away from Ulleungdo, and it needs to be marked in Korean map with Ulleungdo by stipulating our territory. Also, as time goes to the latter term, in the maps of Joseon, the location of Joseon had been drawn in the southeast of Ulleungdo, which is right location.
Especially, in the Lee, Kyu-Won’s document if inspecting Ulleungdo and in the article of Hwangsung Sinmum, they described Usando and Jukdo as different islands. In 1908, in Jeungbo munheon bigo it said that Usando belonged to Uldo County (gun, 郡) and at the same time it also said that the island was Songdo, which was another name of Dokdo by the Japanese. Also, in Hwang-Hyun’s writings (Maecheon nyarok, 1906), he verified Usando, which was marked in the old document and map of Joseon, was Dokdo by describing that Dokdo belonged to Ulleungdo from old times. One more thing, in Daehan sinjiji of 1907 and 1908 and in Chodeung Daehanjiji, there was clear record that Usando is located in the southeast of Ulleungdo. Like this, after the latter period of Joseon, the location of Usando was corrected. It is a conclusive evidence that Usando is not Jukdo. If Usando was Jukdo, then the location would not be marked in the southeast. Because, as per the above maps, if Jukdo was Usando, it would not be hard to grasp the exact location. Meanwhile, there was confusion about the location and information of Usando, Lee, Kyu-Won’s inspection in Ulleungdo has an important meaning. The Lee, Kyu-Won’s party made a round of Ulluengdo all over, they checked its topography and they confirmed that Jukdo is not Usando by hearing the residents. Also, by the conversation with the Emperor Gojong before they left for Ulleungdo to inspect, we can know that Usando and Jukdo are different islands. At that time, the Emperor Gojong received the reports from the Ulleungdo inspectors, about the geographical recognition about Ulleungdo and other islands around Ulleungdo. So this recognition in general and representative recognition of the court before the time, when the inspection of Ulleungdo in 1882 was started. Gerry Bevers still asserts that Usando is Jukdo based on the Annals of King Gojong, which recorded the conversation between Gojong and Lee, Kyu-Won, and Seeungjeongwon ilgi (daily records of royal secretariat of Joseon Dynasty) on April 7th in 1882. So, now I will the record more in detail. The Emperor Gojong said that there were two islands around Ulleungdo. One was Songjukdo(松竹島), the other was Usando (于山島). The Songjukdo in here was surely Jukdo, and the other one, Usando was Dokdo. I will introduce Gerry Bevers’s novel about this record. Once,
he mentioned that Usando in this record was the present Kwaneumdo.
This writing was out after he changed this assertion, and he asserts
Usando is Jukdo in this writing.
Before the inspection, Lee, Kyu-Won’s speaks was just his opinion, which was not correct. The people, who had never been to Ulleungdo, knew were two islands, Usando and Ulleungdo out at the east sea by various data. However, they were uneducated about the distance from Ulleungdo to Usando and the information about Usando. Still if somebody asks us about a certain island in the south coast, where we are never been to, we cannot know even the name. So the Lee, Kyu-Won’s speech before the inspection, was the knowledge from books. Comparing Lee, Kyu-Won’s speech, the Emperor Gojong’s geographical recognition has a great importance. Because we look furtively at the substantial and general recognition about Ulluengdo and the surrounding islands of the court before developing Ulleungdo. Let’s look into the records of the Annals of King Gojong and Seeungjeongwon ilgi (daily records of royal secretariat of Joseon Dynasty) directly.
Among these, let’s examine Gojong’s geographical recognition about Ulleungdo in priority. He mentioned that there were Songjukdo(松竹島) and Usando(芋山島) around Ulleungdo. Then, Lee, Kyu-Won said Usando was Ulleungdo, so there was only one island, Songjukdo based on his incorrect knowledge. So, the Emperor Gojong mentioned Usando, which was in Dongguk yeojiseungram (Augmented Survey of Geography of Korea, 1530).
In Yeojiseungram, it mentioned Usando and Ulleungdo are different islands first, and then it mentioned that somebody said Usando and Ulleungdo is originally the same island. The reason why the Emperor Gojong mentioned this record is because Lee, Kyu-Won knew ‘Usando’ as Ulleungdo wrongly. So, he pointed out that there were people who knew Usando as Uleungdo wrongly like Lee, Kyu-Won, even though originally Usando is not Ulleungdo. In here, we assume that the Emperor Gojong already knew that the name, Songdo (松竹島) was another name of Ulleungdo by the Japanese. So, he kept saying that Usando was the name of Songdo (松島), Jukdo (竹島) and Usnado altogether. Because he was afraid that Lee, Kyu-Won misunderstood Songjukdo (松竹島) as ‘Songdo (松島, Ulleungdo)’ and ‘Jukdo (竹島)’. ※ “而又稱松島竹島與芋山島爲三島統稱鬱陵島矣
(It can be called Songdo (松島) and Jukdo
(竹島). We call Ulleungdo these
three islands with Usando (芋山島 is
于山島) together.)” To call these three islands,
Songdo, Jukdo and Usando altogether as Ulleungdo means one of these
three islands was Ulleungdo.If we consider that Songdo (Japanese
pronunciation ; Matsushima) was another name of Ulleungdo by the
Japanese, Songdo was Ulleungdo in his speech. The Emperor Gojong’s first speaking, and next speaking after he heard Lee, Kyu-Won’s opinion is follows.
Lee, Kyu-Won observed that the Japanese called Ulleungdo as Songdo when he first inspected Ulleungdo. And once he finished the inspection, he said the name, Songdo as Ulleungdo while he reported the result of inspection. So, Songdo was Ulleungdo, Jukdo was Daetseom and Usando was Dokdo in the second speech of the Emperor Gojong. It was not different from the first speech. Songjukdo was Jukdo in the first speech and Songdo was Ulleungdo in the second speech Therefore, the Emperor Gojong’s opinion was exactly the same with Lee, Kyu-Won’s after the inspection.(Songdo=Ulleungdo, Songjukdo=Jukdo, and Usando) This means he recognized the geography about Ulleungdo and the surrounding islands exactly. However, Gerry Bevers still asserts that the representative recognition about Ulleungdo in the latter period of Joseon was “Ulleungdo+Songjukdo (=Jukdo=Usando=Songdo)” by raising Lee, Kyu-Won’s speech, which was uneducated about Ulleungdo and the surrounding islands. However, the Emperor Gojong did not agree to Lee, Kyu-Won’s opinion in the conversation. Similarly, as the Emperor Gojong’s speech which presents representative geographical recognition of the court in the latter half period of the Joseon dynasty, were they recognized Jukdo and Usando separately. Then, let’s make a connection with this, the Emperor Gojong’s speech and the map of Joseon and the Great Han Empire, which misunderstood Jukdo as Usando. The answer is clear. Sometimes, people knew Usando as Ulleungdo because they knew that Usanguk (于山國) was the old name of Ulleungdo. And, sometimes, people misunderstood Jukdo as Usando. That | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gerry Bevers holds fast Lee, Kyu-Won’s speak before he
left to Ulleungdo for inspection incomprehensibly. At that time, Lee, Kyu-Won did not have geographical recognitions
about the islands around Ulleungdo. However, Gerry Bevers attaches
great importance to his speech before the inspection more than the
records after the inspection.